Primary/Foreign/Identity Keys && Encryption
Nov 2, 2006
Hi all!
I'm just getting my feet wet with how encryption works in SQL 2005. With regards to the encryption of primary / foreign keys, I'm not entirely clear on the best approach. Below are three examples of typical table structures I currently have:
== Customers table ==
CustomerID (PK, int, Identity)
CustomerName (varchar)
== Orders table ==
OrderID (PK, int, Identity)
CustomerID (int, foreign key)
CreditCardNumber (varchar)
== OrderDetails table (1 to Many) ==
OrderID (PK/FK, int)
ItemNumber (PK, int)
ItemDescription (varchar)
The Customers and Orders tables use identity values as their primary keys. From what I can tell, CustomerID in the Customers table cannot be encrypted and OrderID in the Orders table cannot be encrypted because they are identity values. In these cases, would it be safer (in terms of security) to create a separate, meaningless identity key column in the Customers table and then remove the identity attribute from CustomerID so I can encrypt CustomerID?
Similarily in the OrderDetails table, OrderID and ItemNumber form a composite key. These values are important in that I don't want them to be tampered with. Am I better off creating a separate identity key column which becomes the table's primary key ... then encrypt both the OrderID and ItemNumber columns in this table?
Any ideas are appreciated.
Thank you,
Ben
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Apr 11, 2006
Hello again,
I'm going through my tables and rewriting them so that I can create relationship-based constraints and create foreign keys among my tables. I didn't have a problem with a few of the tables but I seem to have come across a slightly confusing hiccup.
Here's the query for my Classes table:
Code:
CREATE TABLE Classes
(
class_id
INT
IDENTITY
PRIMARY KEY
NOT NULL,
teacher_id
INT
NOT NULL,
class_title
VARCHAR(50)
NOT NULL,
class_grade
SMALLINT
NOT NULL
DEFAULT 6,
class_tardies
SMALLINT
NOT NULL
DEFAULT 0,
class_absences
SMALLINT
NOT NULL
DEFAULT 0,
CONSTRAINT Teacher_instructs_ClassFKIndex1 FOREIGN KEY (teacher_id)
REFERENCES Users (user_id)
)
This statement runs without problems and I Create the relationship with my Users table just fine, having renamed it to teacher_id. I have a 1:n relationship between users and tables AND an n:m relationship because a user can be a student or a teacher, the difference is one field, user_type, which denotes what type of user a person is. In any case, the relationship that's 1:n from users to classes is that of the teacher instructing the class. The problem exists when I run my query for the intermediary table between the class and the gradebook:
Code:
CREATE TABLE Classes_have_Grades
(
class_id
INT
PRIMARY KEY
NOT NULL,
teacher_id
INT
NOT NULL,
grade_id
INT
NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT Grades_for_ClassesFKIndex1 FOREIGN KEY (grade_id)
REFERENCES Grades (grade_id),
CONSTRAINT Classes_have_gradesFKIndex2 FOREIGN KEY (class_id, teacher_id)
REFERENCES Classes (class_id, teacher_id)
)
Query Analyzer spits out: Quote: Originally Posted by Query Analyzer There are no primary or candidate keys in the referenced table 'Classes' that match the referencing column list in the foreign key 'Classes_have_gradesFKIndex2'. Now, I know in SQL Server 2000 you can only have one primary key. Does that mean I can have a multi-columned Primary key (which is in fact what I would like) or does that mean that just one field can be a primary key and that a table can have only the one primary key?
In addition, what is a "candidate" key? Will making the other fields "Candidate" keys solve my problem?
Thank you for your assistance.
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Jul 16, 2014
what the best practice is for creating indexes on columns that are foreign keys to the primary keys of other tables. For example:
[Schools] [Students]
---------------- -----------------
| SchoolId PK|<-. | StudentId PK|
| SchoolName | '--| SchoolId |
---------------- | StudentName |
-----------------
The foreign key above is as:
ALTER TABLE [Students] WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT [FK_Students_Schools]
FOREIGN KEY([SchoolId]) REFERENCES [Schools] ([SchoolId])
What kind of index would ensure best performance for INSERTs/UPDATEs, so that SQL Server can most efficiently check the FK constraints? Would it be simply:
CREATE INDEX IX_Students_SchlId ON Students (SchoolId)
Or
CREATE INDEX IX_Students_SchlId ON Students (SchoolId, StudentId)
In other words, what's best practice for adding an index which best supports a Foreign Key constraint?
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Oct 19, 2005
I have an application in which i need to get the foreign key fieldsfrom a table and then get all the foreign keys primary key field fromthe linking table. Could some one tell me how i do this usingINFORMATION_SCHEMA. I have tried and can get the foreign keys but notsure how to get the associated primary keys.
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Aug 2, 2004
I've posted this in the general database forum as well but think it is more sql server specific. I have three tables as below. My problem is that when I insert anything into has_quote, cat_ref and cust_id are both null. Any ideas on how to get round this? Thanks
Code:
CREATE TABLE Item (
cat_ref INT IDENTITY(1,1) PRIMARY KEY,
descrip VARCHAR(50),
date_added SMALLDATETIME,
cat_type VARCHAR(20),
contract VARCHAR(10),
cost_price SMALLMONEY,
supplier_name VARCHAR(20),
supplier_phone VARCHAR(20))
CREATE TABLE has_quote (
quote_id INT IDENTITY (1,1) PRIMARY KEY,
installation_charge SMALLMONEY,
date_of_quote SMALLDATETIME,
commercial_markup SMALLMONEY,
service_desk_contact VARCHAR(20),
category INTEGER,
date_last_pricecheck SMALLDATETIME,
cat_ref INT FOREIGN KEY
REFERENCES Item(cat_ref),
cust_id INT FOREIGN KEY
REFERENCES Customer(cust_id))
CREATE TABLE Customer (
first_name VARCHAR(10),
surname VARCHAR(10),
customer_phone VARCHAR(20),
contract VARCHAR(10),
location VARCHAR(20),
email VARCHAR(50),
cust_id INT IDENTITY (1,1) PRIMARY KEY)
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Jun 22, 2001
I am having trouble dropping constraints(Primary and Foreign Keys). I would like to do so so I can truncate the tables and repopulate them. Any time I use the DROP CONSTRAINT #### on one table, I get an error message saying this is referenced in another table. Any help in how to drop the keys so I can truncate the tables in a database would be appreciated. I must be overlooking something simple. Thanks for the help.
Regards,
Mark
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Oct 28, 2004
Be warned, index padding is not included in this, and I'm not sure the fillfactor setting is correct.
set nocount on
create table #PK(constraint_schema sysname not null, constraint_name sysname not null, sql varchar(4000) not null, constraint PK_#PK primary key clustered(constraint_schema, constraint_name))
create table #cols(constraint_schema sysname not null, constraint_name sysname not null, column_name sysname not null, ordinal_position int not null, constraint PK_#PKcol primary key clustered(constraint_schema, constraint_name, ordinal_position))
create table #FK(constraint_schema sysname not null, constraint_name sysname not null,
unique_constraint_schema sysname not null, unique_constraint_name sysname not null,
sql varchar(4000) not null, constraint PK_#FK primary key clustered(constraint_schema, constraint_name))
insert into #PK
select constraint_schema, constraint_name, 'ALTER TABLE ' + quotename(table_schema) + '.' + quotename(TABLE_NAME) +
' ADD CONSTRAINT ' + quotename(CONSTRAINT_NAME) +
' PRIMARY KEY ' + CASE WHEN si.indid<>1 THEN 'NON' ELSE '' END +
'CLUSTERED (>cols<) WITH FILLFACTOR=' + cast(si.OrigFillFactor as varchar) + ' ON ' + quotename(fg.groupname)
AS SQL
from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS TC
INNER JOIN sysindexes si on TC.CONSTRAINT_NAME=si.name
inner join sysfilegroups fg on si.groupid=fg.groupid
WHERE CONSTRAINT_TYPE IN('PRIMARY KEY','UNIQUE')
insert into #fk
select c.constraint_schema, c.constraint_name, c.unique_constraint_schema, c.unique_constraint_name,
'ALTER TABLE ' + quotename(F.table_schema) + '.' + quotename(F.table_name) +
' ADD CONSTRAINT ' + quotename(F.constraint_name) +
' FOREIGN KEY(>cols<) REFERENCES ' + quotename(r.table_schema) + '.' + quotename(r.table_name) +
'(>rcols<)'
AS sql
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS F
INNER JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS C ON F.constraint_schema=C.constraint_schema AND f.constraint_name=c.constraint_name AND F.constraint_type='FOREIGN KEY'
INNER JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS R ON R.constraint_schema=C.unique_constraint_schema AND r.constraint_name=c.unique_constraint_name AND r.constraint_type in ('PRIMARY KEY','UNIQUE')
ORDER BY F.table_name, r.table_name
insert into #cols
select constraint_schema, constraint_name, COLUMN_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
declare @ctr int, @max int, @delim varchar(1)
select @ctr=1, @max=max(ordinal_position), @delim='' from #cols
set nocount on
while @ctr<=@max
BEGIN
update P SET SQL=Replace(SQL, '>cols<', @delim + quotename(c.column_name) + '>cols<')
FROM #PK P INNER JOIN #cols C ON P.constraint_schema=C.constraint_schema AND P.constraint_name=C.constraint_name
WHERE C.ORDINAL_POSITION=@ctr
UPDATE F SET SQL=Replace(Replace(SQL, '>cols<', @delim + quotename(c.column_name) + '>cols<'), '>rcols<', @delim + quotename(r.column_name) + '>rcols<')
FROM #FK F INNER JOIN #cols C ON F.constraint_schema=C.constraint_schema AND F.constraint_name=C.constraint_name AND C.ordinal_position=@ctr
INNER JOIN #cols R ON F.unique_constraint_schema=R.constraint_schema AND F.unique_constraint_name=R.constraint_name AND C.ordinal_position=R.ordinal_position
select @ctr=@ctr+1, @delim=','
END
set nocount on
update #PK SET SQL=Replace(SQL, '>cols<', '')
update #FK SET SQL=Replace(Replace(SQL, '>cols<', ''), '>rcols<', '')
select sql from #PK
select sql from #FK
drop table #pk
drop table #fk
drop table #cols
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Jan 10, 2006
I have a DB with 100 tables. I was wondering if anybody knows a quick way to list primary and foreign key with the column name for all the tables.
Your help would make my life a lot easier
thanks
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Nov 17, 2005
Ok, so I've broken down and decided to write myself an invoicing
program. I'd like to use GUID fields as the Primary Keys in my
table. Now, I basicly bill for two seperate items:
Deliverables and Services.
So, my Layout's gonna look something like
Create Table Invoice(
ID UniqueIdentifier Primary Key,
-- Other Data
);
Create Deliverable(
ID uniqueidentifier Primary Key,
ParentInvoice uniqueidentifier,
-- Other data);
--...
Im sure there are probems with that as it's written feel free to edify me as to what they are.
my questions are such:
1) Does a uniqueidentifier field automagically get a value?
2) If not how do I generate one in TSQL?
3) If so, what do I use to store my Foreign Keys.
4) How do I declare my Foreign key constraints?
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Apr 23, 2015
I've attempted to identify a primary and foreign key in these two tables, but I am getting a bunch of errors re duplicate keys and column names needing to be unique.Perhaps the primary and foreign key I have identified don't meet the criteria?
CREATE TABLE StockNames
(
-- Added Primary key to [stock_symbol]
[stock_symbol] VARCHAR(5) NOT NULL CONSTRAINT PK_stock_symbol PRIMARY KEY,
[stock_name] VARCHAR(150) NOT NULL,
[stock_exchange] VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
[code].....
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Nov 17, 2003
I have the following issue
- my database consists of tables with one ID field as primary key.
for each INSERT the 'next' value from this ID field is extracted
from a table called TableList.
- this works perfectly fine, as long as I insert one record at a time:
but now I would like to run a command such as
INSERT INTO dest (name)
SELECT name
FROM src
i.e. without being able to specify the ID value.
Has anybody implemented this
(i would prefer not to use identity columns or use cursors),
possible with triggers?
thanks for your time,
Andre
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Jan 26, 2006
This ain't working
SELECT T.TABLE_NAME,C.COLUMN_NAME
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES T
JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS C
ON T.TABLE_NAME = C.TABLE_NAME
WHERE OBJECTPROPERTY(OBJECT_ID(T.TABLE_NAME),
'TableHasIdentity') = 0
AND T.TABLE_TYPE = 'BASE TABLE'
AND OBJECTPROPERTY(OBJECT_ID(C.COLUMN_NAME),'IsPrimary Key') = 1
ORDER BY T.TABLE_NAME,C.COLUMN_NAME
This is giving me bogus results...
SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
WHERE OBJECTPROPERTY(OBJECT_ID(COLUMN_NAME),'IsPrimaryKe y') = 1
I have PK's all over the place. What gives? Too many cocktails with lunch?
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May 29, 2012
We are facing the following issue, several machines/users that are executing very often a command similar to :
INSERT INTO TableName (FieldOne,FieldTwo) VALUES ('ValueOne','ValueTwo');
SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY() AS Table_ID;
Where TableName has a primary key defined as identity(1,1).and that Table_ID is being used as reference in others tables
These queries are executed using different dababase users and among several diffrent apps..The Problem is that we are detecting lost block of "Table_ID's" as the other tables shows the InsertedID as a reference, but the TableName table lacks of this ID record. In other words, the INSERT seems to work, the SCOPE_Identity returns an InsertedID, and the other tables are populated using this number. However, when we query the TableName table the mentioned record does not exist. We are profiling the server and we're sure that there are no DELETE statement on the TableName table. This seems to be happening when the are either deadlocks or blocked processes. Whenever the deadlocks and locks disappear/solved, everything works as expected.why the Scope_Identity returns the Inserted ID if the INSERT action had failed.
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Jan 28, 2008
Hi all,
I use the following 3 sets of sql code in SQL Server Management Studio Express (SSMSE) to import the csv data/files to 3 dbo.Tables via CREATE TABLE & BUKL INSERT operations:
-- ImportCSVprojects.sql --
USE ChemDatabase
GO
CREATE TABLE Projects
(
ProjectID int,
ProjectName nvarchar(25),
LabName nvarchar(25)
);
BULK INSERT dbo.Projects
FROM 'c:myfileProjects.csv'
WITH
(
FIELDTERMINATOR = ',',
ROWTERMINATOR = ''
)
GO
=======================================
-- ImportCSVsamples.sql --
USE ChemDatabase
GO
CREATE TABLE Samples
(
SampleID int,
SampleName nvarchar(25),
Matrix nvarchar(25),
SampleType nvarchar(25),
ChemGroup nvarchar(25),
ProjectID int
);
BULK INSERT dbo.Samples
FROM 'c:myfileSamples.csv'
WITH
(
FIELDTERMINATOR = ',',
ROWTERMINATOR = ''
)
GO
=========================================
-- ImportCSVtestResult.sql --
USE ChemDatabase
GO
CREATE TABLE TestResults
(
AnalyteID int,
AnalyteName nvarchar(25),
Result decimal(9,3),
UnitForConc nvarchar(25),
SampleID int
);
BULK INSERT dbo.TestResults
FROM 'c:myfileLabTests.csv'
WITH
(
FIELDTERMINATOR = ',',
ROWTERMINATOR = ''
)
GO
========================================
The 3 csv files were successfully imported into the ChemDatabase of my SSMSE.
2 questions to ask:
(1) How can I designate the Primary and Foreign Keys to these 3 dbo Tables?
Should I do this "designate" thing after the 3 dbo Tables are done or during the "Importing" period?
(2) How can I set up the relationships among these 3 dbo Tables?
Please help and advise.
Thanks in advance,
Scott Chang
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Aug 13, 2007
Hi,
I have recently been looking at a database and wondered if anyone can tell me what the advantages are supporting a unique collumn, which can essentially be seen as the primary key, with an identity seed integer primary key.
For example:
id [unique integer auto incremented primary key - not null],
ClientCode [unique index varchar - not null],
name [varchar null],
surname [varchar null]
isn't it just better to use ClientCode as the primary key straight of because when one references the above table, it can be done easier with the ClientCode since you dont have to do a lookup on the ClientCode everytime.
Regards
Mike
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Nov 22, 2007
Hello!I have a table A with fields id,startdate and other fields. id and startdateare in the primary key.In the table B I want to introduce a Foreign key to field id of table A.Is this possible? If yes, which kind of key I have to build in table A?Thx in advance,Fritz
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May 16, 2008
Pls let me know How I generate script for All primary keys and foreign keys in a table. Thereafter that can be used to add primary keys and foreign keys in another databse with same structure.
Also how I script default and other constraints of a table?
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Jul 15, 2002
Can somebody explain to me how to best do inserts where you have primary keys and foreign keys.l'm battling.
Is there an article on primary keys/Pk ?
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Oct 12, 2006
Is it possible to load data into MSSQL 2005 that has been encrypted externally with a symmetric key algorithm, such as AES, and then import the key to SQL Server? After browsing through Books Online, I don't see any way to import a symmetric key from an external file, but maybe I'm missing something.
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Jan 25, 2007
Hi,
I would like to encrypt data in my database. I want encrypted column value to be viewable only for certain group of users. Users that has access to my database doesn't meant they can access to my encrypted data.
Currently, I am using the following "approach" as my key management.
create master key encryption by password= 'MasterKeyPass'
CREATE ASYMMETRIC KEY MyAsymmKey AUTHORIZATION MyUser
WITH ALGORITHM = RSA_1024
ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD ='MyAsymmPass'
CREATE SYMMETRIC KEY MySymmKey WITH ALGORITHM = DES
ENCRYPTION BY ASYMMETRIC KEY MyAsymmKey
My data will be encrypted using Symmetric key MySymmKey.
User who want to access my data must have MasterKey and MyAsymmKey password.
Is it OK? Any better way?
Thank you
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Oct 29, 2007
Is there a way to schedule the backup of encryption keys periodically?
Thanks
Karthika
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Nov 9, 2007
i've getting ready to implement encryption on a rather large database. I'd read that if performance is of utmost concert, you should use symmetric keys. I want to encrypt those keys by asymmetric keys. My code is working, but i'm just not sure if there is a quicker way? do you have to open and close the key each time you select/update/insert in a stored procedure that references an encrypted column, or is there a way to just modify the code by adding the encryptbykey/decryptbykey functions?
has anyone implemented encryption on columns in large tables? any suggestions for me?
Thanks,
Pete
here's my code to create the keys:
create asymmetric key ASK_Auto_Encrypt
with algorithm = RSA_512;
create symmetric key SK_AE
with algorithm = TRIPLE_DES
encryption by asymmetric key ASK_Auto_Encrypt;
here's my code to test this:
create table encryption_test (test varchar(50));
open symmetric key SK_AE
decryption by asymmetric key ASK_Auto_Encrypt;
insert into encryption_test
select encryptbykey(key_guid('SK_AE'),'test');
select convert(varchar(max),decryptbykey(test)) from encryption_test;
close symmetric key SK_AE;
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May 29, 2006
Hi There
We have been playing around with encryption in 2005. I cannot find a BOL topic that discusses dropping encryption objects such as keys.
We do the followign steps:
Create master key with password, then we create a certificate using the master key, we then create a symmetric key using this certificate and encrypt data columns.
But what i find worrying is that you can then drop the symmetric key , there are no warnings that you have objects dependant on this key for decryption.
Once you have dropped the key you cannot decrypt the data anymore?
Also the key defults the expiration date to 1 year.
WHat happens after 1 year when you have encrypted data and an expired key, or someone drops the key ? How can you ever decrypt the data after that ?
You can backup master keys nd certificates but not symmetric keys?
It seems to be that youc an very easily orphan encrypted data by the loss of the symmetric key for whatever reason, is this correct ?
Thanx
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Feb 14, 2007
I have a question about the storage of symmetric keys in SQL Server 2005 due to the fact that I have read two conflicting statements on this.
In Laurentiu's blog located at http://blogs.msdn.com/lcris/archive/2005/10/14/481434.aspx, in regards to preventing symmetric key loss he makes the statement that "...Because the keys are stored in the database, they will be saved with the database....".
But in the white paper Improving Data Security by Using SQL Server 2005, which is located at http://www.microsoft.com/technet/itshowcase/content/sqldatsec.mspx, in regards to symmetric keys the statement is made "...Note: The symmetric key is not stored in the database. Only the encrypted values of the symmetric key are stored in the database. Therefore, users who can access the database cannot decrypt the data without first decrypting the symmetric key....".
So I am just wondering which statement is correct, are symmetric keys stored in the database or not?
Thanks!
Ginny
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Apr 17, 2007
Can any body tell me how to know to what columns of other table it refers to.
shiva kumar
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Aug 24, 1999
Could someone enlighten me as to the advantage of using the foreign key tab when in table design mode in the Enterprise Manager. Does it have any advantages ?? Is it necessary ??
thanks in advance
Paul
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Mar 29, 2001
I haven't tried, but does anyone know if its possible to a have a foreign key for two tables when the tables reside in different databases (on the same server)?
Thanks,
Doug Smith
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Oct 25, 2001
l'm trying to do inserts on tables with foreign keys and they keep crashing. Can somebody please help.Whats the best way of populating data that has foreign keys?
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Oct 4, 2004
How would I drop a foreign Key?
Thanks
Lystra
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Mar 10, 2004
I need to know if this is required? I have products, with the help of their business account numbers, are naturally categorized numerically. I want to create a product category table and a product account table.
Example :
tbProductCategories
TypeCode | Description
1000 | Cups
2000 | Plates
tbProductAccounts
Account | Description
1001 | Mug
1002 | Glass
2001 | Plate
2002 | Saucer
With the above tables (which are made up :) ), would you include
a foreign key in tbProductAccounts indicating the type code?
What would the stored proc look like without it?
Create Procedure usp_GetProductAccounts
@iTypeCode int
AS
SELECT tbProductAccounts.Account,
tbProductAccounts.Description
FROM tbProductAccounts
WHERE tbProductAccounts.Account - iTypeCode > 0 AND < 999
Would this work? Or should the foriegn key always be included?
Mike B
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Jun 8, 2008
I am creating a series of foreign keys in my new database, and so far everything is going fine. The company I work for never uses them, and I am working on my own stuff on my own time now.
I come across one table that I do want one field to allow zeroes, but when its set to a value, to exist in the other table.
To be more specific. I have a PO type table, which has an EmployeeID of the person who made the PO, and another field to store who received the PO when the order arrives. I want that 2nd Employee field to be zero until it's received.
I created an employee of zero, to allow the foreign key to be created. But all the other tables that have foreign keys to my Employee table I would prefer to not allow zeroes. So I changed them to use a check of (employeeid > 0).
Is it possible to have a foreign key say that I want the value from the Field in Table A to exist in table B, or to be zero? Or would it just be easier to leave off the foreign key in this one case?
Tks
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Dec 15, 2006
Shiry writes "Hi, I'm a beginner and I'm a bit stuck here..
I'm creating this database for my homework, I'm using Marks & Spencer as an
example. It has a table, products, for the clothes
id
name
cat_id ....... connected to typ_cat
colour_id ...... connected to typ_colour
size_id ....... connected to typ_size
price
sup_id ....... connected to typ_sup ...... but here i'm stuck a bit, are you
allowed to connect a typ_table to another typ_table?
this is the typ_sup:
id
name
address
city_id ......... connected to typ_city
or rather have a separate sup table with the same id, name, address, city_id
id will be connected to typ_sup
and the products table.. sup_id will then be connected to typ_sup..?
What way is better? and is it allowed to connect a typ_table to another
typ_table?
Thanks in advance!!!!
Shiry"
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Oct 11, 2006
I have created two tables:
UserInfo:
UserID (PK)
Hairid
eyeColorid
faceShapeid
and
HairInfo:
HairInfoID (PK)
Hairid
HairDesc
Now I want to have a one to many relationship between UserInfo and HairInfo. I want to specify Hairid as the foreign key in the HairInfo table. Here UserInfo is the parent and HairInfo is the child. I am using SQL server 2000. Is there a way to do it using the Enterprise manager interface. Can someone run me through the steps to do it.
Thanks...
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