I just ran across an issue on a SQL 2000 sp4 db where RI was being maintained solely with triggers. I am attempting to change the primary key of a parent table and cascade the results to all its children without using the vendor-supplied trigger code (long story...) using an INSTEAD OF trigger.
My question is: does SQL Server create any kind of relationship between the inserted and deleted tables that I could exploit since the key field is unavailable?
I am trying to avoid having to add a surrogate key to each of the children just for this activity (as there are many M rows in each and no other suitable unique column combinations that span all the child tables).
I am reading the WROX "Professional SQL Server 7 Programming" book. The following code appears on page 424:
CREATE TRIGGER ProductIsRationed ON Products FOR UPDATE AS IF EXISTS ( SELECT 'True' FROM Inserted i JOIN Deleted d ON i.ProductID = d.ProductID WHERE (d.UnitsInStock - i.UnitsInStock) > d.UnitsInStock / 2 AND d.UnitsInStock - i.UnitsInStock > 0 ) BEGIN RAISERROR('Cannot reduce stock by more than 50%% at once.',16,1) ROLLBACK TRAN END
The trigger fires when an UPDATE is made to Products table. The author states that the Inserted and Deleted tables only exist for the life of the trigger, not before, and not after the trigger runs. If this is true, then why would there be any rows in the Deleted table in this case? No rows were deleted within the trigger. As far as I can see, no rows have been updated either. If the condition does exist, no rows will be updated, and an error will be displayed. Otherwise, the row will be updated. Then there would be a row in the inserted table. But then the trigger is finished and the inserted table for that trigger disappears. I think my logic is flawed, which is why I am writing. I don't think I fully understand the Inserted and Deleted tables.
I want to know how inserted and deleted temp tables in SQL server work. My question is more regarding how they work when multiple users accessing the same database. Suppose two users update the database at the same time. In that case what are the values stored in the inserted and deleted tables.
I have a trigger that records changes to the database as in an audit trail. Like any other audit trail I insert data into my audit table from the inserted and deleted temp tables in MS SQL Server. I however am not clear as to how these inserted and deleted tables store values when two users update the database at the same time. Are there separate inserted and deleted tables for each session. The users access the database thru ASP pages.
The audit trail I am trying to use is http://www.nigelrivett.net/AuditTrailTrigger.html
I actually would like to store the inserted and deleted temp tables into other temporary tables so that I can access these tables thru a stored procedure. This is when the problem of same users updating the temporary tables is more pronounced.
I have a stored procedure that's running a little slower than I would like. I've executed the stored proc in QA and looked at the execution plan and it looks like the problem is in a trigger on one of the updated tables. The update on this table is affecting one row (I've specified the entire unique primary key, so I know this to be the case). Within my trigger there is some code to save an audit trail of the data. One of these statements does an update of the history table based on the inserted and deleted tables. For some reason this is taking 11.89% of the batch cost (MUCH more than any other statement) and within this statement 50% of the cost is for a table scan on inserted and 50% is for a table scan on deleted. These pseudo-tables should only contain one record each though.
Any ideas why this would be causing such a problem? I've included a simplified version of the update below. The "or" statements actually continue for all columns in the table. The same trigger template is used for all tables in the database and none of the others seem to exhibit this behavior as far as I can tell.
Thanks for any help! -Tom.
UPDATE H_MyTable SET HIST_END_DT = @tran_date FROM H_MyTable his INNER JOIN deleted del ON (his.PrimaryKey1 = del.PrimaryKey1) and (his.PrimaryKey2 = del.PrimaryKey2) INNER JOIN inserted ins ON (his.PrimaryKey1 = ins.PrimaryKey1) and (his.PrimaryKey2 = ins.PrimaryKey2) WHERE (his.HIST_END_DT is null) and ((IsNull(del.PrimaryKey1, -918273645) <> IsNull(ins.PrimaryKey1, -918273645)) or (IsNull(del.PrimaryKey2, -918273645) <> IsNull(ins.PrimaryKey2, -918273645)) or (IsNull(del.Column3, -918273645) <> IsNull(ins.Column3, -918273645)))
I want to compare the before and after values of an UPDATEd column using a trigger. I want to know if the value in the column has changed. Simple? No!
As you know, SqlServer puts the before image of the UPDATEd rows into the DELETED virtual table and the after image of the UPDATEd rows in the INSERTED virtual table.
So you would get the before and after data by doing a SELECT on these tables. But here is the problem - how do you join the tables? What if there are >1 rows in these 2 tables (because the UPDATE affected >1 rows) - how do i know which "old"/DELETED rows correspond to which "new"/INSERTED?" Ok - I could join the 2 tables on the primary key, but what if the primary key was updated? In that case the join would not work - the DELETED table would contain the old primary key value and the INSERTED table would contain the new (different) primary key value. In fact, ALL of the columns may have been changed by the UPDATE.
Now, there is another thing to try with triggers - the IF UPDATE ( <columname> ) test. This is designed to tell you if a specified column was UPDATEd by the last UPDATE. However, this will return TRUE for any UPDATE that mentions the column - even if the UPDATE does not change any data! So I cannot determine whether a certain column has had its value changed with this either.
So then you can try another test mentioned in the docs for CREATE TRIGGER - the IF COLUMNS_UPDATED() test. However, this will report that a column has been updated, NOT whether the data has changed as aresult of that UPDATE. So if you UPDATE the value in the column to the same value as it was beforehand (admittedly, a pointless thing to do, but it could happen in some apps), this fuction will say, yes, this column was updated.
So my question remains - how do I know if the data has changed in a column after an UPDATE, using a trigger? Any ideas?
I dont know what I am doing wrong. The trigger (see below) is doing what I want it to do when I do this:
INSERT INTO dbo.personal
(personal_id, chef_id,fornamn, efternamn)
VALUES
(40, 100, 'Malin', 'Markusson' , 'Boss')
but when I remove one value, the result in the logtable is NULL:
INSERT INTO dbo.personal (personal_id, chef_id,fornamn, efternamn)
VALUES
(40, 100, 'Malin', 'Markusson' )
How can I change the trigger so that it will give me the information of the values that have been updated, inserted or deleted when I dontchange all values (just a couple of them)?
My trigger: CREATE Trigger trigex
ON dbo.personal
FOR insert, update,delete
AS
INSERT INTO logtable (Innan_värde, Ny_värde)
SELECT
rtrim(cast(d.personal_id as varchar)+', '+cast(d.chef_id as varchar)+', '+rtrim(d.efternamn)+', '+ rtrim(d.fornamn)+ ', '+ rtrim(d.titel)),
(cast(i.personal_id as varchar)+', '+cast(i.chef_id as varchar)+', '+rtrim(i.efternamn)+', '+ rtrim(i.fornamn)+ ' '+ rtrim(i.titel))
FROM inserted i full join deleted d on i.personal_id = d.personal_id
We have an app that uses triggers for auditing. Is there a way to know the order that the records were inserted or deleted? Or maybe a clearer question is.... Can the trigger figure out if it was invoked for a transaction that "inserted and then deleted" a record versus "deleted and then inserted" a record? The order of these is important to our auding.
I have a table that sometimes has modifications to column(s) comprising the primary key [usually "end_date"]. I need to audit changes on this table, and naturally, turned to after triggers.
The problem is that for updates, when the primary key composition changes, I'm not able to relate/join using the primary key - obviously, it no longer matches across INSERTED and DELETED. Now, for a single row update, it's easy to check for updates on PK columns and then deduce what changes were made...
So the real question is: are rows in INSERTED and DELETED always in matching order (1st row in INSERTED corresponds to the 1st row in DELETED...)?
I don't want to put a surrogate key (GUID nor IDENTITY) on the base table if at all possible. INSERT... SELECT from the inserted/deleted tables into a temp table with identity column is fine, and is what I'm currently doing; I would like MVP or product engineer level confirmation that my ordering assumption is correct.
Testing using an identity surrogate key on base table, and selecting from the Ins/del tables, and the temp tables without an order by clause seems to always return in proper order (proper for my purposes). I've tested under SQL 2005 RTM, SP1, SP2, and SP2 "3152".
FYI, I've lost the debate that such auditing is better handled by the application, not the database server...
Aside: why doesn't the ROW_NUMBER() function allow an empty OVER( ORDER BY() ) clause? Will SQL ever expose an internal row_id, at least in the pseudo tables, so we can work around this situation?
I would like to wrap the following code in a function and reuse it. Â I use this code in many triggers.
DECLARE @Action as char(1); SET @Action = (CASE WHEN EXISTS(SELECT * FROM INSERTED) AND EXISTS(SELECT * FROM DELETED) THEN 'U' Â -- Set Action to Updated. WHEN EXISTS(SELECT * FROM INSERTED) THEN 'I' Â -- Set Action to Insert. WHEN EXISTS(SELECT * FROM DELETED) THEN 'D' Â -- Set Action to Deleted. ELSE NULL -- Skip. It may have been a "failed delete". Â Â END)
Is it possible to write a function and pass the INSERTED and DELETED logical tables to it?
I would like to access the data inserted or deleted within a trigger. however the built-in tables -- inserted and deleted --- are not accessible. anyone knows why? And is there any other way to do this?
Is there an alternative to using FETCH to loop through the Inserted/Delete Tables within a trigger? Does this work?
SELECT * FROM Inserted BEGIN
if INSERTED.IsActive then ...
END
Would this only see the first record?
Currently I'm doing the following;
AS DECLARE @JobID INTEGER; DECLARE @IsActive BIT; DECLARE Temp CURSOR FOR SELECT JobID, IsActive FROM Inserted; BEGIN OPEN Temp; FETCH NEXT FROM Temp INTO @JobID, @IsActive; WHILE (@@FETCH_STATUS = 0) BEGIN
if @IsActive then ...
FETCH NEXT FROM Temp INTO @JobID, @IsActive; END; CLOSE Temp; DEALLOCATE Temp;
Is this the best method for looping through the Deleted/Inserted or any other table within a trigger?
I need to add the row number or record number to the 'inserted' and 'deleted' tables in a trigger.
Among other things, I have tried-
SELECT 1 as rowId, i.* INTO #ins FROM inserted i if @@ROWCOUNT > 1 --if multiple rows, set row number begin
SELECT @pkWhere = coalesce(@pkWhere + ' and ', ' where ') + PKF.colName + ' <= i.' + PKF.colName FROM #primaryKeyFields PKF set @strSQL = 'update #ins set rowId = (Select Count(*) From #ins i' + @pkWhere + ')'
exec (@strSql)
end
-the above sets rowId for every record to the total instead of sequential. Keep in mind that this code is used to create a trigger for any table, hence I cannot specify any column names literally.
I created manage update trigger to react on one column changes. There is an application which is working with DB, so I don't have access to SQL query which changes this column. In most cases trigger works fine, but in one case when this column changes, trigger is fired and IsUpdatedColumn is true for this column, but both inserted and deleted table are empty, so I can't get new value for this column. Any idea why is it happened? Is any way around?
This column type is uniqueidentifier. Inserted and deleted tables are empty when application is changing value from NULL to not null value, but if I change it myself from Management Studio inserted table contains right values. Most like problem is in query which is changing that value.
HI, I am wondering if it is possible to retreive this information without using row count transform. Can I get the # of rows inserted/updated or deleted by destination from the log?
Hi all!In a insert-trigger I have two joins on the table named inserted.Obviously this construction gives a name collition beetween the twojoins (since both joins starts from the same table)Ofcourse I thougt the usingbla JOIN bla ON bla bla bla AS a_different_name would work, but itdoes not. Is there a nice solution to this problem?Any help appriciated
Is there a configuration or a trick to improve the speed of the access to inserted and deleted tables whithin a trigger? Whenever a trigger is called, the access to inserted or deleted constitute approximatly 95% of the execution time.
Is there a way to have access to inserted and to deleted improved other than copying the data to another table?
When i debug a trigger is it possible to add a WATCHon the INSERTED or DELETED?I think not, at least I couldn't figure out a way to do so.Does someone have a suggestion on how I can see the values?I did try to do something likeINSERT INTO TABLE1(NAME)SELECT NAME FROM INSERTEDbut this didn't work. When the trigger completed and Iwent to see the TABLE1, there were no records in it.Are there any documents, web links that describe waysof debugging the trigger's INSERTED and DELETED?Thank you
I have a publisher database set up for a merge replication. This is using parameterized filter with join filters.
I also have a stored procedure that does deletes & inserts on the table where the parameterized filter is applied to aid in changing a subscriber's eligibility to receive so and so data. I have observed that running the stored procedure takes extraordinarily long and as a result, the log file grows to a size 1.5 - 2.5 times the database size.
At first I reasoned that this might because I had it set up to use precomputed partitions and changing it requires recalculating the partitions. As a test, I turned off the precomputed partitions. Didn't work. I turned on "optimize synchronization" AKA "keep_partition_changes", which normally is not available when you have precomputed partition on, and that didn't work, either.
At this point, I think I can rule out precomputed partitions being a problem here but I'm stumped now what else I should do to reduce the amount of log writes being required. We do need the parameterized filters & join tables, so that can't go.
Hi SQL fans,I realized that I often encounter the same situation in a relationdatabase context, where I really don't know what to do. Here is anexample, where I have 2 tables as follow:__________________________________________ | PortfolioTitle|| Portfolio |+----------------------------------------++-----------------------------+ | tfolio_id (int)|| folio_id (int) |<<-PK----FK--| tfolio_idfolio (int)|| folio_name (varchar) | | tfolio_idtitle (int)|--FK----PK->>[ Titles]+-----------------------------+ | tfolio_weight(decimal(6,5)) |+-----------------------------------------+Note that I also have a "Titles" tables (hence the tfolio_idtitlelink).My problem is : When I update a portfolio, I must update all theassociated titles in it. That means that titles can be either removedfrom the portfolio (a folio does not support the title anymore), addedto it (a new title is supported by the folio) or simply updated (atitle stays in the portfolio, but has its weight changed)For example, if the portfolio #2 would contain :[ PortfolioTitle ]id | idFolio | idTitre | poids1 2 1 102 2 2 203 2 3 30and I must update the PortfolioTitle based on these values :idFolio | idTitre | poids2 2 202 3 352 4 40then I should1 ) remove the title #1 from the folio by deleting its entry in thePortfolioTitle table2 ) update the title #2 (weight from 30 to 35)3 ) add the title #4 to the folioFor now, the only way I've found to do this is delete all the entriesof the related folio (e.g.: DELETE TitrePortefeuille WHERE idFolio =2), and then insert new values for each entry based on the new givenvalues.Is there a way to better manage this by detecting which value has to beinserted/updated/deleted?And this applies to many situation :(If you need other examples, I can give you.thanks a lot!ibiza
Is it possible to recover deleted tables of the database ???
actually the senario is this ... i have delete the tables from the database and then import the same tables from the very old backup set. but unfortunatly the required data is missing in new imported tables ... now i want to recover the tables that i have deleted before the import operation.... please help me to overcome this problem.
<----------I have 2 tables are: 'customers (parent)' and 'open_ac (child)'
<--------I have tried to insert and update data into sql database by using textboxes (don't use datagrid)
<--------My tables details are below
<-------this table uses for keeping user data
customers fields:
Column name type length
Description
cu_id
int 4 Primary key Identifiers
cu_fname
nvarchar 20 allow null first name
cu_lname
nvarchar 40 allow null last name
cu_nat
nvarchar
20 allow null nationality
cu_add
nvarchar
40 allow null address
cu_wplace
nvarchar
40 allow null workplace
cu_tel
nvarchar 10 allow null telephone
cu_fax
nvarchar 10 allow null fax
cu_email
nvarchar 10 allow null email
<----the open_ac uses for keeping register date/time of customers
open_ac fields:
Column name type length Description
cu_id
int 4 link key
op_date date/time 8 register date
<----------my code
Imports System.Data.SqlClient
Public Class cus_reg Inherits System.Web.UI.Page Dim DS As DataSet Dim iRec As Integer 'Current Record Dim m_Error As String = ""
Public Property MyError() As String Get Return m_Error End Get Set(ByVal Value As String) m_Error = Value If Trim(Value) = "" Then
Label3.Visible = False Else
Label3.Text = Value
Label3.Visible = True End If End Set End Property
Private Sub Page_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load If Not Page.IsPostBack Then Dim C1 As New MISSQL 'DS = C1.GetDataset("select * from customers;select * from open_ac;select * from accounts") DS = C1.GetDataset("select * from customers;select * from open_ac")
Me.MyDataBind() Else DS = Session("data") iRec = ViewState("iRec") End If Me.MyError = "" End Sub
Public Function BindField(ByVal FieldName As String) As String Dim DT As DataTable = DS.Tables(0) Return DT.Rows(iRec)(FieldName) & "" End Function Public Sub MyDataBind() Label1.Text = "Record : " & iRec + 1 & " of " & DS.Tables(0).Rows.Count txtcu_id.DataBind() txtcu_fname.DataBind() txtcu_lname.DataBind() txtcu_add.DataBind() txtcu_occ.DataBind() txtcu_wplace.DataBind() txtcu_nat.DataBind() txtcu_tel.DataBind() txtcu_fax.DataBind() txtcu_email.DataBind() End Sub
Here is update code
Private Sub bUpdate_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles bUpdate.Click Dim DT As DataTable = DS.Tables(0) Dim DR As DataRow = DT.Rows(iRec) 'Dim DR1 As DataRow = DT1.Rows(iRec)
If DR.RowState = DataRowState.Added Then If txtcu_id.Text.Trim = "" Then
Me.MyError = "please enter your id"
Exit Sub End If DR("cu_id") = txtcu_id.Text End If
If txtcu_fname.Text.Trim = "" Then Me.MyError = "please enter your name" Exit Sub Else
DR("cu_fname") = txtcu_fname.Text End If
If txtcu_lname.Text.Trim = "" Then Me.MyError = "please enter your last name" Exit Sub Else
DR("cu_lname") = txtcu_lname.Text End If
If txtcu_add.Text.Trim = "" Then Me.MyError = "please enter your address" Exit Sub Else
DR("cu_add") = txtcu_add.Text End If
If txtcu_occ.Text.Trim = "" Then Me.MyError = "please enter your occupation" Exit Sub Else
DR("cu_occ") = txtcu_occ.Text End If
If txtcu_wplace.Text.Trim = "" Then Me.MyError = "please enter your workplace" Exit Sub Else
DR("cu_wplace") = txtcu_wplace.Text End If
If txtcu_nat.Text.Trim = "" Then Me.MyError = "Please enter your nationality" Exit Sub Else
DR("cu_nat") = txtcu_nat.Text End If
If txtcu_tel.Text.Trim = "" Then
DR("cu_tel") = DBNull.Value Else
DR("cu_tel") = txtcu_tel.Text End If
If txtcu_tel.Text.Trim = "" Then
DR("cu_fax") = DBNull.Value Else
DR("cu_fax") = txtcu_fax.Text End If
If txtcu_email.Text.Trim = "" Then
DR("cu_email") = DBNull.Value Else
DR("cu_email") = txtcu_email.Text End If
Dim Strsql As String If DR.RowState = DataRowState.Added Then Strsql = "insert into customers (cu_id,cu_fname,cu_lname,cu_add,cu_occ,cu_wplace,cu_nat,cu_tel,cu_fax,cu_email) values (@P1,@P2,@P3,@P4,@P5,@P6,@P7,@P8,@P9,@P10)" Else Strsql = "update customers set cu_fname=@P2,cu_lname=@P3,cu_add=@P4,cu_occ=@P5,cu_wplace=@P6,cu_nat=@P7,cu_tel=@P8,cu_fax=@P9,cu_email=@P10 where cu_id =@P1" End If Dim C1 As New MISSQL Dim cmd As SqlCommand = C1.CreateCommand(Strsql) C1.CreateParam(cmd, "ITTTTTTTTT")
DR.AcceptChanges() Else Me.MyError = "Can not register" End If <---------code above in this sub it can update only customers tables and when I tried to coding below<------------it alerts can not update Dim DT1 As DataTable = DS.Tables(1) Dim DR1 As DataRow = DT1.Rows(iRec) If DR1.RowState = DataRowState.Added Then If txtcu_id.Text.Trim = "" Then
Me.MyError = "Please enter id"
Exit Sub End If DR1("cu_id") = txtcu_id.Text End If If Label2.Text.Trim = "" Then
DR1("op_date") = Label2.Text End If
Dim StrSql1 As String If DR1.RowState = DataRowState.Deleted Then StrSql1 = "insert into open_ac (cu_id,op_date) values (@P13,@P14)" Else StrSql1 = "update open_ac set op_date=@P14 where cu_id=@P13" End If Dim C2 As New MISSQL Dim cmd2 As SqlCommand = C2.CreateCommand(StrSql1) C2.CreateParam(cmd2, "ID")
cmd2.Parameters("@P1").Value = DR1("cu_id")
cmd2.Parameters("@P2").Value = DR1("op_date")
Dim Y1 As Integer = C2.Execute(cmd2) If Y1 > 0 Then
DR1.AcceptChanges() Else Me.MyError = "Can not register" End If End Sub End Class
<------this is class I use for connecting to database and call parameters....
MISSQL class
Imports System.Data.SqlClient Public Class MISSQL Dim PV As String = "Server=web_proj;uid=sa;pwd=sqldb;" Dim m_Database As String = "c1_itc" Public Strcon As String Public Sub New() Strcon = PV & "database=" & m_Database End Sub Public Sub New(ByVal DBName As String) m_Database = DBName Strcon = PV & "database=" & m_Database End Sub Public Property Database() As String Get Return m_Database End Get Set(ByVal Value As String) m_Database = Value Strcon = PV & "database=" & m_Database End Set End Property
Public Function GetDataset(ByVal Strsql As String, _ Optional ByVal DatasetName As String = "Dataset1", _ Optional ByVal TableName As String = "Table") As DataSet Dim DA As New SqlDataAdapter(Strsql, Strcon) Dim DS As New DataSet(DatasetName) Try DA.Fill(DS, TableName) Catch x1 As Exception
Err.Raise(60002, , x1.Message) End Try Return DS End Function
Public Function GetDataTable(ByVal Strsql As String, _ Optional ByVal TableName As String = "Table") As DataTable Dim DA As New SqlDataAdapter(Strsql, Strcon) Dim DT As New DataTable(TableName) Try DA.Fill(DT) Catch x1 As Exception
Err.Raise(60002, , x1.Message) End Try Return DT End Function
Public Function CreateCommand(ByVal Strsql As String) As SqlCommand Dim cmd As New SqlCommand(Strsql) Return cmd End Function
Public Function Execute(ByVal Strsql As String) As Integer Dim cmd As New SqlCommand(Strsql) Dim X As Integer = Me.Execute(cmd) Return X End Function
Public Function Execute(ByRef Cmd As SqlCommand) As Integer Dim Cn As New SqlConnection(Strcon) Cmd.Connection = Cn Dim X As Integer Try Cn.Open() X = Cmd.ExecuteNonQuery() Catch X = -1 Finally Cn.Close() End Try Return X End Function
Public Sub CreateParam(ByRef Cmd As SqlCommand, ByVal StrType As String) 'T:Text, M:Memo, Y:Currency, D:Datetime, I:Integer, S:Single, B:Boolean, P: Picture Dim i As Integer Dim j As String For i = 1 To Len(StrType) j = UCase(Mid(StrType, i, 1)) Dim P1 As New SqlParameter
P1.ParameterName = "@P" & i Select Case j
Case "T"
P1.SqlDbType = SqlDbType.NVarChar
Case "M"
P1.SqlDbType = SqlDbType.Text
Case "Y"
P1.SqlDbType = SqlDbType.Money
Case "D"
P1.SqlDbType = SqlDbType.DateTime
Case "I"
P1.SqlDbType = SqlDbType.Int
Case "S"
P1.SqlDbType = SqlDbType.Decimal
Case "B"
P1.SqlDbType = SqlDbType.Bit
Case "P"
P1.SqlDbType = SqlDbType.Image End Select
Cmd.Parameters.Add(P1) Next End Sub End Class
<-------Thank you in advance<-------and Thank you very much for all help
I am running SQL Server CE on Visual Studio 2005. I have created 2 tables and wish to establish a relationship between the two tables. However, I could not find a proper way to establish the connection. Anyone can provide some help on this? thank you.
I'm building a Search Function with different pull down options. I have 9 Tables and 6 of them are not related. How do I build an effecient SELECT? Thanks I'm somewhat new to MSSQL.
