Updating Windows Boot Loop - Starts At 0% / Raises To 75% A Split Second Later Then Disappears And Turns Off

I recently upgraded to an SSD, I don't know if this is related.

While my PC was idle, it shut down for some reason (probably updates). I came back to an "Updating Windows" screen -- the exact screen used when installing, that big circle icon with a percentage. I have never had a computer boot to that on its own, but I assumed it was some important update. I let it do its thing.

Later, I came back to it doing this strange boot loop:

Motherboard splash screen
Normal W10 loading icon
Screen flash
A second, slightly larger loading icon

The "Updating WIndows" screen. Starts at 0%, raises to 75% a split second later, then disappears and turns off. This happens in about 1/5th of a second.

I booted into a startup repair disk, and ran startup repair. It said it couldn't fix issues. Next, I ran a chkdsk, there were issues it fixed but the boot loop is still in place.

Since I just installed an SSD last week, I still have my previous disk with the operating system still functioning. I booted it up, turned off automatic updates, and checked to see what may have caused this on my current disk. There were 2 updates available: A flash player update for IE, and Windows 10 version 1511 10586. I assume it is the latter, but how it installed, since I DID NOT AUTHORIZE THE INSTALL. Automatic updates are enabled, but I would have thought it'd install in November, when it was released (not 2 months later!)

I don't dare install it on my backup, in case I have to re-clone the SSD.